WW I ; WW II ; WAR RUSSIA–UKRAINE

 WW I

• 28/07/1914
• June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, 19, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis and World War I. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Zagreb break out.
• July 28
  • World War I begins when Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia by telegram. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilisation against Austria-Hungary.
  • Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, is acquitted of the murder of Gaston Calmette by reason of crime passionnel.^[37]
• July 28–August 10 – World War I: Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau: British and French naval forces fail to prevent the ships of the Imperial German Navy Mediterranean Division from reaching the Dardanelles.

July 28 1914 (Tuesday)[edit]

Austria-Hungary's telegram to the Kingdom of Serbia declaring war, 28 July 1914

• World War I – At 11:00 a.m., Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia by telegram.^[164] The same day, a manifesto titled "To my peoples" and signed by Emperor Franz Joseph was released informing the citizens of the Austria-Hungary that the Empire was going to war.^[165]
• Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau – While the ships of the Imperial German Navy Mediterranean Division were under repair in the Adriatic Sea, Counter Admiral Wilhelm Souchon learned that British and French naval forces had been ordered to capture the ships. He ordered the repairs stopped and the ships to set course for the Dardanelles, a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey, as a means to escape the naval blockade.^[166]
• A French jury acquitted Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, of the murder of newspaper editor Gaston Calmette after defense lawyer Fernand Labori (who famously defended Alfred Dreyfus) successfully argued the homicide was a crime of passion and not premeditated. Cailllaux shot the editor of Le Figaro in March after she believed Calmette would publish love letters between her and her husband indicating they were intimate while Joseph was still married to his first wife.^[167]
• Royal Naval Air Service Squadron Commander Arthur Longmore successfully released a 14-inch (356-mm) torpedo from a Short Admiralty Type 81 floatplane, possibly the first successful aerial launch of a torpedo,^[168] although Captain Alessandro Guidoni of Italy's drop of a dummy torpedo from the experimental Pateras Pescara monoplane may have occurred earlier that year.^[169]
• Following several unsuccessful test flights, the aircraft manufacturer Noel Pemberton Billing was forced to dismantle the Pemberton-Billing P.B.1 seaplane and use its engine for a scout airplane model.^[170]
• The village of Big Valley, Alberta was established.^[171]
• Born: Kenneth Neate, Australian opera singer, tenor for the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in Germany, in Cessnock, New South Wales, Australia (d. 1997)

28 + 7 + 19 + 14 = 68

________________________________________________________

WW II

• 01/09/1939
• September 1 – Beginning of WWII:
• Opening shots of World War II and invasion of Poland: At 4:45am Central European Time, under cover of darkness, the German WWI-era battleship Schleswig-Holstein quietly slips her moorings at her wharf in Danzig Harbor, drifts into the center of the channel, and commences firing on a Polish military installation on Westerplatte at the northeastern mouth of the port of the internationalized Free City of Danzig, beginning the Battle of Westerplatte and Battle of Danzig Bay. Five minutes previously, the bombing of Wieluń in the western part of Poland had commenced, beginning the Battle of the Border. Shock-troops of the German Wehrmacht begin crossing the border into Poland.
• The Reichstag passes a statement, stating that Adolf Hitler's second-in-command Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring should be appointed as Hitler's successor as Führer, should Hitler die during the war. Rudolf Hess is to be appointed in Göring's place, should anything befall Göring.
• Britain and France deliver ultimatums to Germany. Norway, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland declare their neutrality. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt states that "every effort" would be made by his administration to stay out of the war.^[16] Italy is advised that Germany does not expect to need its military support at present.^[10]
• General George C. Marshall becomes Chief of Staff of the United States Army.

September 1, 1939 (Friday)[edit]

• 1:40 AM: At the Polish-German border post in Jeziorki, near Piła (Schneidemühl), an exchange of fire occurred between a group of several dozen German saboteurs and a Polish border patrol. The 38-year-old Corporal Piotr Konieczka on the Polish side was killed.^[1]
• 3:30 AM: The Polish border patrol on bikes was fired on by German soldiers near Krzepice.^[2] German soldiers had already crossed the border line.
• 4:00 AM: The telephone line and the power supply to the Polish Post Office in Danzig were cut off.
• 4:30 AM: A bridge in Praszka was blown up by Corporal Józef Górecki with German soldiers on it who were attempting to cross the Polish border.^[3]
• 4:34 AM: Dive bombers, commanded by Bruno Dilley, began bombing the Polish sappers positions of the bridge in Tczew to try to prevent the bridge from being blown up. However, the bridge on the important railway line connecting East Prussia and the Reich was blown up around 6.00 AM and started the German invasion of Poland.^[4]
• 4:44 AM: The SMS Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on a garrison in Westerplatte, the first cannon shots of World War II.
• Early morning: The Luftwaffe began bombing raids on airfields, ships and troops.^[5][6]
• Early morning: The series of battles collectively known as the Battle of the Border began in Poland.
• Early morning: The Slovak Republic began a limited invasion of disputed Polish territories and met little resistance.
• 6.30 AM: Warsaw radio and all Polish radio stations broadcast a special message about the beginning of the war.
• about 6:30 AM: Aerial combat occurred near Krakow. Polish PZL P.11c, piloted by Mieczysław Medwecki, was shot by fire of Junkers Ju 87, piloted by Frank Neubert. German Dornier Do 17 E, of the 77th Luftwaffe Bomber Regiment, was shot by the Polish PZL P.11c, piloted by Władysław Gnyś. Falling, it ran into the second German bomber, both bombers hit the ground.^[7][8][9] They were the first Allied and Axis planes shot during World War II. Gnyś and Neubert would meet years later in 1989.^{[10][8][11][12]}
• about 6.30 AM: From the observation point in Mława, a report was received by the staff of the Polish Pursuit Brigade about a bombing expedition headed for Warsaw. Colonel Pawlikowski ordered the start of the entire Brigade. At about 7:00 a.m. about 54 Polish fighters attacked in the Bugo-Narew region about 80 He 111 from LG 1 and KG 27 "Boelcke" in the cover of 20 Bf 109 from I (Z) / LG 1. German bombers are scattered, dropped bombs and hastily turned back. The expedition does not reach Warsaw^[13]
• Polish President Ignacy Mościcki declared a state of emergency.^[14]
• Benito Mussolini ordered his ambassador in Berlin to ask for a telegram releasing Italy from any obligation to take part in the war. At 9:40 a.m. Hitler obliged with a cordial telegram saying he did not "expect to need Italy's military support in these circumstances."^[15]
• about 10:00 AM: German 4th Panzer Division is conducting second this day attempt to crush Mokra defences, loses 12 tanks (about 50 in total, 150 other vehicles and between 1st and 3rd September) during combat with Wołyńska Cavalry Brigade^{[clarification needed]}
• soon after 10:00 AM:^{[citation needed]} Hitler appeared before the Reichstag to explain his decision.^[6] Those in the audience who didn't notice that Hitler was wearing a field-gray uniform instead of his usual brown jacket would have done so after he declared toward the end: "From now on I am just the first soldier of the German Reich. I have once more put on that coat that was the most sacred and dear to me. I will not take it off again until victory is assured, or I will not survive the outcome."^[16]
• about 1:00 PM: A second German attack on Westerplatte collapses after heavy losses on the German side
• Polish ships took minor damage in the Battle of the Danzig Bay.
• Albert Forster cancelled the constitution of the Free City of Danzig and decreed the region's reincorporation into Germany.^[17]
• US President Franklin D. Roosevelt said at a press conference that "every effort" would be made by his administration to stay out of the war.^[18]
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain appeared before the House of Commons shortly after 6:00 in the evening. "It now only remains for us to set our teeth and to enter upon this struggle, which we ourselves earnestly endeavoured to avoid, with determination to see it through to the end", he declared. "We shall enter it with a clear conscience, with the support of the Dominions and the British Empire, and the moral approval of the greater part of the world".^[19]
• 7.00 PM: Personnel surrendered the Polish Post Office in Danzig after some 15 hours of fight. Its director, Jan Machoń, carried a white flag but was shot immediately. Most of the defenders would be executed a month later.
• 9.00 PM: British Ambassador to Germany Sir Nevile Henderson handed an ultimatum to Joachim von Ribbentrop. It declared that unless the British government received "satisfactory assurances" that Germany was prepared to withdraw from Polish territory, "His Majesty's Government will without hesitation fulfill their obligation to Poland". One hour later, the French ambassador delivered an identical note.^[15]
• The first International Film Festival (the forerunner to the Cannes Film Festival) was supposed to open on this day but was postponed indefinitely because of the day's events. The festival wound up screening only a single film, The Hunchback of Notre Dame.^[20]
• The mystery-adventure film The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, starring Basil Rathbone, was released.
• Born: Lily Tomlin, actress and comedian, in Detroit, Michigan

1 + 9 + 19 + 39 = 68

______________________________________________

RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE

• 2022 – Days after recognising Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states, Russian president Vladimir Putin orders a full scale invasion of Ukraine.^[26]

February 24, 2022 (Thursday)

Armed conflicts and attacks

• Russo-Ukrainian War
  • 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
    • Battle of Chernobyl
      • Russian troops enter the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Ukraine says that Russian forces have captured the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calls the attack on Chernobyl a "declaration of war on all of Europe". (Daily Sabah) (The Independent) (Unian)
    • Attack on Snake Island
      • Ukraine reports that Russian Navy warships have attacked Snake Island near the Danube Delta. (IndiaTV)
    • Battle of Sumy
      • Russian troops enter Sumy and take control of the road leading from Kyiv to Moscow. Battles for strategic cities on the railway to Sumy are also underway. (Novoye Vremya)
    • Battle of Antonov Airport
      • Russian gunships bombard Hostomel Airport near Kyiv. Ukraine says that three helicopters were shot down in defence. Russian Airborne Forces seized control of the airport, but the Ukrainian Ground Forces have recaptured the airport. (The Moscow Times) (Reuters) (Ukrinform)
      • An-225 Mriya, the largest aircraft in the world by weight and by wingspan, is destroyed during a Russian air strike on the suburb of Kyiv. The plane did not manage to leave Hostomel before hostilities began. (Radio Liberty Ukraine)
    • Battle of Kyiv, Kyiv Offensive
      • The Mayor of Kyiv, Vitali Klitschko, announces a curfew in the capital from 10 pm to 7 am. (Reuters)
    • Russian President Vladimir Putin orders a military operation to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. Putin also warns of "consequences you have never seen in history" for anyone who tries to interfere or "create threats for our country". (CNN) (AP)
    • Ukraine confirms that Russian Ground Forces have entered Luhansk, Sumy, Kharkiv, Kherson, Chernihiv, and Zhytomyr Oblasts and have also crossed the border from occupied Crimea. Russian troops also attack the port cities of Odessa and Mariupol in amphibious landings. (CNN) (The Business Standard)
    • Russia announces that they have taken control of the North Crimean Canal in the Kherson Oblast and have restored the supply of water to Crimea. (Reuters)
    • Russian ballistic and cruise missiles strike multiple Ukrainian cities and airfields, with eighteen people being killed in Odessa. A missile also strikes the Ministry of Defence intelligence headquarters in Kyiv. (CNN) (NDTV) (Reuters)
    • A Ukrainian Air Force Antonov An-26 is shot down and crashes in Obukhiv, killing five crew members, according to the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. (Interfax)
    • An attack on a military unit in Podilsk kills six civilians and injures seven others. (BBC News)
    • Ukraine's military reports that at least 137 of its soldiers have been killed in Eastern Ukraine, with a senior Ukrainian government official estimating that hundreds of Ukrainian troops have been killed by airstrikes. Ukraine's military also says that 50 Russian soldiers have been killed in action. (The Wall Street Journal) (CNN) (The Guardian)
    • Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy declares martial law across the country in response to the invasion. Zelenskyy also orders a general military mobilization of fit-to-serve Ukrainian citizens, with men between the ages of 18 and 60 years prohibited from leaving the country. (TASS) (CNN)
    • The Russian Armed Forces says that its "lightning offensive" has crippled the Ukrainian military and suppressed its air defense systems. However, the Ukrainian Air Force says that it is repelling Russian invaders. (TASS) (BBC News)
    • The Russian Defence Ministry says that it has destroyed 83 Ukrainian "above-ground military facilities", including 11 aerodromes. (Reuters)
    • Ukraine says that it has shot down six Russian warplanes and two helicopters, and destroyed dozens of enemy armored vehicles, according to its Joint Centre of Control and Coordination. However, Russian military representatives deny the claims. (Mil.gov.ua) (First Post)
    • Russia says that two Russian civilian ships have been hit by anti-ship missiles in the Sea of Azov, causing multiple deaths. Russia subsequently restricts access for civilian vessels on the Sea of Azov. (Ynet) (Reuters)
    • A Turkish-owned vessel is bombed off the coast of Odessa, according to Turkey's Directorate General of Coastal Safety. No casualties are reported. (Daily Sabah)
  • Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis
    • Russia–NATO relations
      • Romania, Poland, and the Baltic states agree to trigger article 4 of NATO's North Atlantic Treaty in response to Russian aggression. (ERR) (Digi24)
      • German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock states that Germany will "launch the full package with the most massive sanctions against Russia." (EURACTIV)
    • Russia–Ukraine relations
      • Ukraine suspends diplomatic relations with Russia in response to the invasion. (The Times of Israel)
    • Lithuanian president Gitanas Nausėda announces that he will sign a decree declaring a state of emergency and asks Seimas to ratify it in an extraordinary session. (ERR)
    • Moldova declares a state of emergency in response to the invasion. Hundreds of Ukrainians are crossing the border, according to President Maia Sandu. (National Post)
    • Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova close their airspaces to commercial aircraft. (ABC News Australia) (Reuters)
    • U.S. President Joe Biden orders Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin to send 7,000 troops to Germany in order to assist NATO allies. (Reuters) (Army Times)
• Afghanistan conflict
  • Eight polio vaccination workers are killed by unknown gunmen in Kunduz and Takhar, leading to the suspension of the vaccination campaign in the two provinces. The campaign was launched nationwide in November 2021. (VOA)
• Israel's role in the Syrian Civil War
  • Israel fires several missiles towards Damascus, Syria, killing three Syrian soldiers. (The Washington Post) (Times of Israel)

Arts and culture

• Eurovision Song Contest 2022
  • It is announced that Russia will participate in the upcoming Eurovision Song Contest in Turin, Italy despite invading Ukraine. (AOL)
• Iraq unveils three monumental structures in Hatra in an effort to restore the city after it was destroyed by the Islamic State in 2015. (France24)

Business and economy

• Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis
  • A massive selloff occurs on the Moscow Stock Exchange, which prompts its operator to trigger circuit breakers twice in three hours. The Russian ruble's exchange rate falls to a record low of ₽89.98 per US dollar. (Rzeczpospolita) (Reuters)
  • The National Bank of Ukraine pegs the official hryvnia rate to the US dollar at ₴29.25, bans foreign currency purchases on the interbank market and introduces cash withdrawal limits. The central bank also orders a suspension of all transactions with Russian accounts and introduces unlimited short-term liquidity loans for banks. (National Post) (Ekonomichna Pravda)

Health and environment

• COVID-19 pandemic
  • COVID-19 pandemic in Asia
    • COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong
      • Hong Kong begins rolling out COVID-19 vaccine passports for people over the age of 12 years. (Reuters)
    • COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia
      • Malaysia reports a record 31,199 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 3.3 million. (The Star)
    • COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
      • Singapore suspends a plan to ease and simplify COVID-19-related rules, including home gatherings, which was expected to begin tomorrow due to an increase in new COVID-19 cases. (Bloomberg)
    • COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand
      • Thailand reports a record 23,557 new COVID-19 cases in the past 24 hours, thereby bringing the nationwide total of confirmed cases to 2.79 million. (Bangkok Post)
  • COVID-19 pandemic in North America
    • COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
      • COVID-19 vaccination in Canada
        • Health Canada approves Medicago's CoVLP COVID-19 vaccine for use in adults, making it the first domestic vaccine to be approved for use in Canada. (The Vancouver Sun)
    • COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
      • COVID-19 pandemic in Maine
        • Maine surpasses 2,000 deaths from COVID-19. (Portland Press Herald)
  • European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic
    • The European Medicines Agency recommends the usage of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine as a booster dose for teenagers over the age of 12 years and also approves the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine for children between the ages of 6 and 11 years. (The Journal.ie)

International relations

• Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis
  • International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
    • Russia–European Union relations
      • The European Union says that it will introduce the "strongest, harshest package" of sanctions on the Russian economy in response to the invasion. (AP)
    • Russia–New Zealand relations
      • The New Zealand government is expected to introduce a package of sanctions against Russia that includes a ban on the entry into and transit through the country of Russian government officials and other people connected to the invasion, as well as a ban on the export of goods to Russian military and security forces. (RNZ)
    • Russia–South Korea relations
      • South Korean president Moon Jae-in announces that the country will impose economic sanctions against Russia. (Reuters)
    • Russia–United Kingdom relations
      • Prime Minister Boris Johnson announces that the United Kingdom will impose sanctions on Russian banks and oligarchs. Russian airline Aeroflot will also be banned from operating flights to the UK due to the invasion. (BBC News)
    • Canada–Russia relations
      • Canada terminates all export permits with Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine. (U.S. News & World Report)
    • Russia–United States relations
      • U.S. President Joe Biden announces sanctions against Russia and vows that additional sanctions could be coming. He also reaffirms that the U.S. will not directly intervene in Ukraine but will continue to defend NATO. (NBC News) (BuzzFeed)
    • India–Russia relations
      • Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin hold a telephone meeting. During the meeting, Modi called for Russia and Ukraine to "end the violence". (Telangana Today)
    • Latvia and the Czech Republic suspend issuing visas to Russian citizens. (RusTourismNews)

Law and crime

• Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
  • 2022 anti-war protests in Russia
    • Protesters in Russia are detained as people gather in cities across the country in order to protest Putin's invasion of Ukraine. (The Moscow Times) (Newsweek)
    • Russian activist Marina Litvinovich is detained by Moscow police after calling for anti-war demonstrations across Russia. (Reuters)
  • Anti-war protesters gather at Russian embassies in many countries to oppose President Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine. (Axios) (CBS News)
  • Protesters gather at 10 Downing Street to denounce Russia's invasion of Ukraine and to call for Prime Minister Boris Johnson and the United Kingdom to support Ukraine. (The Big Issue) (The New York Times)
• Murder of George Floyd
  • Three former Minneapolis police officers, J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas K. Lane and Tou Thao, are found guilty of violating the civil rights of George Floyd under government authority. (NBC News)
• Kyrgyzstan President Sadyr Japarov signs a decree that bans the slaughtering of cattle during funerals in the country. (AKIpress)

Sports

• Reactions to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis
  • UEFA announces that the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final will be moved from Saint Petersburg, Russia, in response to the invasion of Ukraine. (Sky News)
  • Formula 1 driver Sebastian Vettel says that he will not participate in the 2022 Russian Grand Prix, which is expected to be held on September 24 in Sochi. (RACER) (CTV News)

• 24 + 02 + 20 + 22 = 68

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